مسلح تصادم میں شہری آبادی کا تحفظ : سیرت النبیﷺ اور بین الا۱قوامی قانونِ انسانیت کا تقابلی مطالعہ

Protection of Civilian Populations in Armed Conflict: A Comparative Study of the Sīrah and International Humanitarian Law

Abstract

This article examines the protection of civilian populations during armed conflicts through a comparative analysis of the teachings derived from the Sīrah of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and contemporary international legal frameworks, particularly International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL). While modern legal instruments, including the Geneva Conventions, seek to mitigate the effects of warfare on non-combatants, the study argues that many of these humanitarian principles were articulated and implemented in the Prophetic model more than fourteen centuries ago. The article compares the definitions of civilian populations in IHL, IHRL, and the Sīrah, highlighting significant conceptual similarities. It further examines the principles of distinction and proportionality, as well as protections afforded to civilians, medical personnel, and civilian infrastructure during armed conflict. Drawing on textual and historical evidence, the study demonstrates that Prophetic teachings are largely consistent with contemporary legal norms and provide a valuable ethical foundation for civilian protection. The article also discusses the consequences of inadequate civilian protection, including humanitarian crises, social instability, economic disruption, and the spread of extremism. Finally, it offers recommendations for strengthening the implementation of humanitarian principles through legal enforcement, public awareness, and international cooperation. The study concludes that Islamic teachings and modern international law share a common commitment to safeguarding civilian populations and promoting human dignity during armed conflicts.