عریف: عہد نبوی کا سماجی، سیاسی اور انتظامی عہدہ (ضرورت و اہمیت )

Arif: A Socio-Political and Administrative Position in the Prophetic Era (Its Necessity and Significance)

Abstract

This study explores the political, social, and administrative role of the ‘Arīf (عریف) in the early Islamic state under the Prophet Muhammad (peace be on him), analyzing its necessity and historical significance. Drawing upon classical Islamic sources such as al-Mawardī, al-Mawsūʿah al-Fiqhiyyah, and various Hadīth collections, the author demonstrates that human sociopolitical needs necessitate hierarchical structures, even in prophetic governance. The article delves into the Qur’ānic and Prophetic precedents for appointing deputies and administrators, contextualizing the ‘Arīf as a local tribal leader or representative responsible for community affairs and reporting to higher authorities. The study establishes the continuity of this institution from pre-Islamic Arab tribal systems, reformed under the Prophet's leadership to serve communal justice and effective governance. Through historical and linguistic analysis, the article distinguishes the ‘Arīf from higher political officials, framing it as an essential component of localized Islamic administration. The paper also investigates ethical dimensions, highlighting Prophetic warnings regarding the misuse of administrative power. Furthermore, several authentic narrations are examined to validate the function and spiritual responsibility attached to the office of ‘Arīf, illustrating its relevance across subsequent Islamic caliphates. The study concludes that while the role was practically indispensable, it carried significant moral and religious accountability, making it both a privilege and a burden in Islamic political theory. This research contributes to understanding the structure of the prophetic state and emphasizes the enduring relevance of localized administrative ethics in Islamic governance.